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Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker talked about the thesis of his new book The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined at the ScienceWriters2011 conference in Flagstaff on October 17. Steve Mirsky reports
October 18, 2011
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?Believe it or not, violence has been in decline for long stretches of time. And today are probably living in the most peaceful time in our species? existence.? Harvard psychologist Steven Pinker at the ScienceWriters2011 conference in Flagstaff on October 17th. His new book is The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined.
?The decline of violence has not been steady. It has not brought violence down to zero. And it is not guaranteed to continue. But?it is a persistent historical development, visible on scales from millennia to years, from the waging of wars and genocides to the spanking of children and the treatment of animals.?
One example is homicide rates. ?It turns out that homicide records go back in Europe in many places for centuries?a medieval Englishman was at least 35 times more likely to be murdered than his modern counterpart. This is true not just in England, but in every European country for which statistics have been gathered.?
?Steve Mirsky
[The above text is a transcript of this podcast.]
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NGC 5253, the dwarf starburst galaxy studied by Jordan Zastrow and her colleagues. Credit: ESO
If you?re reading this at night, look outside. Even in a city you?ll be able to see a few stars, if it?s not too cloudy and your eyes are up to it. If you?re lucky, the view from your window or garden will include a whole host of stars. Either way, you will be looking out on the vast blackness of space and seeing pinpricks of light that have traveled for millions of years before reaching your eyes.
This is only possible because of something that happened in the early universe. Shortly after the Big Bang, the universe quickly filled with a glowing plasma of mainly hydrogen and helium. As it expanded and cooled, atomic nuclei and electrons combined to make a dense fog of neutral gas. At this point, photons ? particles of light ? were freed and became the Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation that astronomers are studying today. But we?re not interested in that. It?s the opaque fog the photons left behind that would get in the way of seeing stars. Of course, it doesn?t, because it no longer exists ? so where did it go?
Reionisation is the name of the process that took the universe out of the cosmological dark ages and into the light. In all, the dark ages lasted about half a billion years. They were ended by the formation of the first galaxies.
Astronomers believe that star-forming galaxies are the most likely suspects in the search for the source of radiation that was needed to clear away the cosmic cobwebs ? or, in more technical terms, turn the neutral intergalactic medium, composed mainly of hydrogen, into the charged plasma that it is today. Until now, though, astronomers weren?t sure how the radiation could have got out of the star-formaing galaxies in which it was created.
The galaxies that astronomers think are the source of the radiation needed to reionise the universe are known as starburst galaxies. Unsurprisingly, this is because they go through intense bursts of star formation. Starburst galaxies are rare today, but astronomers think they were much more common in the early universe. One starburst galaxy in particular, NGC 5253 ? a dwarf starburst not too far away, cosmologically speaking ? has been helping astronomers with their inquiries into exactly how the radiation required to clear the early universe made its escape.
NGC 5253 has just undergone an episode of star formation that resulted in huge clusters of massive, young stars. Massive stars can create a wind that expands out through the galaxy. As it goes, the wind removes any obstacles in the way of radiation created by the stars, allowing it to pour out of the galaxy along the same path.
It?s ultraviolet light which is the radiation under scrutiny, so Jordan Zastrow, a graduate student at the University of Michigan, and her colleagues looked for signs of ultraviolet light coming from NGC 5253. They didn?t look for the light itself, but its interaction with other gas close to the galaxy.
In a paper published in Astrophysical Journal Letters last week Zastrow and her colleagues describe results that show ultraviolet light is emanating from the galaxy in a narrow cone, and making gas in the interstellar medium evaporate as it goes. Outpourings like this one could be what started reionisation.
Zastrow and her colleagues cannot completely rule out an active galactic nucleus as the source of the radiation. Astronomers think active galactic nuclei are caused by the accretion of mass on to supermassive black holes at the centre of a galaxies. AGN sometimes eject radiation, which could look a lot like what Zastrow and her colleagues see around NGC 5253. But Zastrow thinks massive stars are much more likely to be causing the outpouring in this case.
That the radiation escapes the starburst galaxy in a narrow cone is important, because it means that, unless it is oriented in the right way, we won?t be able to tell whether or not a starburst galaxy is emitting ultraviolet light. As well as explaining why we have not seen this phenomenon before, this could mean that NGC 5253 may be the only nearby starburst galaxy that can teach us something about how reionisation began.
Reference
Jordan Zastrow, M. S. Oey, Sylvain Veilleux, Michael McDonald, & Crystal L. Martin (2011). An Ionization Cone in the Dwarf Starburst Galaxy NGC 5253 Asrophysical Journal Letters arXiv: 1109.6360v1
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Senior Citizens Travel Insurance is hardly a matter of prime concern for many senior travellers when they are planning a holiday. They?re so busy producing the final minute preparations that even the faintest thought of getting insurance does not run across their minds.
TRAVEL INSURANCE FOR OVER 70:Get the maximum of the golden age
Inside the golden years of one?s life, when the sun of life appears to be setting, 1 wishes to recharge the lost strength and relive the childhood again. Physical strength may possibly seem to be losing and yet spirits are nevertheless substantial. Meeting loved ones and buddies, beach-side holidays or even adventurous trips towards the mountains- as a senior citizen, the whole world is at your service! Therefore, it is greater to look around and purchase optimum Travel Insurance for over 70 so that you can enjoy a carefree holiday.
Best Travel Insurance for seniors:The distinct plans
These days, there are numerous vendors supplying insurance coverage plans as outlined by the needs and requirements with the senior citizens. They have their plans specially created for the individual?s wants. travel insurance for more than 70 normally requires the customer to go through specific medical checkups to assess the pre-existing situations of seniors. The sum insured is determined by the medical condition with the buyer. It is usually better to share the correct information as opposed to hiding anything at all. A bit carelessness may cause issues whilst retrieving the claim.
Travel Insurance coverage for over 70:Restrictions
You will find, at instances, restrictions on the duration of travel (120-180 days). For people who travel often, specifically ones who?ve kids residing in numerous cities, it is much better to purchase a plan that covers multi-city and is valid for a longer time period. Generally, men and women tend to become careless about safeguarding their very own interest and neglect the value of appropriate insurance coverage strategy.
Most firms have specified exclusions especially for travel insurance more than 70. For this age group, some firms usually do not include pre-existing medical conditions. Because it is apparent that a lot of people acquiring travel insurance for over 70 will be suffering from some typical ailments related to their age such as heart issues, diabetes, hypertension and so on. it truly is advised to opt for plans that cover such conditions as in case of emergencies medical fees may possibly run into thousands of dollars. Cost of repatriation of ashes (in the unfortunate occasion of death) and medical evacuation need to also be considered because the patient may desire to go residence for further remedies.
For adventure looking for individuals, travel insurance above 70 need to also incorporate compensation for injuries because of sports. It?s greater to confirm the inclusion just before finalising the plan.
Usually, travel insurance for above 70 contains simple coverage like baggage loss, passport loss, delays and cancellations as a result of emergencies on either side: traveller along with cruise/airlines/trains. In such instances, reputed companies even supply 24 hr help and support. It?s usually advised to purchase a strategy from a firm which has wide network. Little firms which offer desirable bonuses, promotions and more affordable premium may not have a great network across several countries and could prove futile, in situation of will need. A fantastic analysis function done about the company?s background before one particular finalises on a plan, ensures a pleasurable expertise.
Although choosing a program, 1 need to study the fine lines just before signing the contract. Largely, firms have their policies framed to safeguard their own interests as it is incurs fantastic risks to insure people of this age group. Some companies offer insurance coverage to people who?re accompanied by co-passengers. Some firms do not provide multi-city policy. It?s better to list down the requirements then only finalise the plan. What may possibly appear suitable for one person may possibly not suit the wants of other.
Some firms give plan per illness which deem useless in situation the policy is for a shorter duration. That means per claim, the individual gets a fixed sum with the total quantity covered. Joshua opted for this plan because the premium was less expensive. He insured himself for USD 100,000. When he fell ill in Paris and had to make use of the insurance coverage, he realised that he could get only USD 20, 000 because the strategy held good for five claims. Rest of the bills had to become paid from his pocket and that certainly turned out to be extremely costly. He regretted later, nevertheless nothing could be done then.
One need to maintain in mind that older the age, increased the cost of insurance. Travel insurance for above 70 seems to be a little pricey, but it?s worth it!
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